Average total cost is one of three average cost concepts important to short-run production analysis. When compared with price (per unit revenue), average total cost (ATC) indicates the per unit profitability of a profit-maximizing firm. Higher indifference curves are associated with higher levels of utility.ĪVERAGE TOTAL COST: Total cost per unit of output, found by dividing total cost by the quantity of output. INDIFFERENCE MAP: A graph of two or more indifference curves. (No paper was harmed in the creation of this lesson.AmosWEB means Economics with a Touch of Whimsy! There ya go-finished ATCs in just a few easy steps! I like to use words on many of my ATCs, so the very last step is to add a word in a convenient empty spot:
Right, I simply added four small brads to the corners of the stamp. Center, the card was wrapped with magenta fibers tied in a knot, and a small coin. This image is large enough that it doesn’t need much more. Lower left, the tag needed a brad in its little hole, and I chose a star shape just for fun. The stamped image at top right got a strip of measuring tape placed to keep me from wondering where the top of her head went. Top center, the African girl in one corner gets balanced out by a big yellow daisy in the opposite corner. So, starting at the top left, the moon face was left unembellished, because that card is already has more than enough stuff going on. The key to embellishing is to make sure that whatever you choose is smaller than the focal image, and doesn’t obscure it in any way. I try to pick one or two things-or one thing that I use several times: This is where a lot of people dump everything in their junk drawer onto the card. Pick one big thing to take focus rather than choosing a bunch of little things. The one thing all these images have in common is that they’re fairly large on the cards, and on each card, there is only one. I also grabbed an image on a tag, and one on a faux postage stamp, because focal points can always be things like tags, stamps or other applied pieces.
I like to use printed images of people that have been cut away from their backgrounds, like the two center cards. This can be an image rubber stamped directly onto the card like the one at upper left, or stamped onto a transparent paper like the one at upper right. In most collaged cards, it’s a person or thing, so let’s try a few people and things: It’s the thing the viewer should see first. A focal image is the main image that draws the eye. OK, now we have some interesting backgrounds-next come focal images. Top right: My favorite thing to do with lightweight background papers is to trim them down slightly smaller, and mount them on a solid color cardstock to create a frame.īottom left: I added three dots, just to break up the design a bit.īottom center: I added a torn piece of blue, set to one side of the card.īottom right: I like to work dark on the bottom, light on the top, so to give this card some light, I added a torn piece of lighter paper to the top right corner. Notice on both of these first two cards that my additions don’t split the card into two even halves, but into two different sized sections? That’s another thing most people’s eyes will accept more easily than an exact split in half. Top center: I added one torn strip of lighter text. I don’t know if that’s true, but my eye certainly likes them better. An art teacher once told me that the eye accepts odd numbers more easily than even. If I’m going to add something, it will be one, three or five. I almost always work in odd numbers rather than even. Top left: I added three strips of yellow cardstock. Let’s make some of these basic backgrounds a little more interesting: Sometimes, those basic backgrounds need something, because let’s face it-starting out with just a piece of paper isn’t very exciting. Just because it’s a background doesn’t mean it has to be boring! If it started out solid, I painted over it, stamped it, or did something to add visual interest. Notice there are no solid backgrounds here? That’s intentional. Here’s an assortment of patterned papers, painted text pages, clay tiles and whatever else was laying around on my work table: I generally start with a plain piece of cardstock cut to size (2-1/2 x 3-1/2 inches), and build up. ATC backgrounds can be made of pretty much anything you choose. Backgrounds are just what they sound like-something that acts as a surface on which to build your layers.
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